UAE's need to have Preparedness and Response Plan for Chemical Essay

UAEs need to have Prepargondness and Response Plan for Chemical act of terrorism Attacks - Essay ExampleAn individual or state is liable to face criminal charges if found conscience-smitten of trying to use toxic substances for malicious gains. Furthermore, the fight against biochemical terrorism has been boosted especially through move support of the United Nations Organization. Despite the fact that detecting such attacks has proven to be a unassailable nut to crack, nations cannot just sit back and watch thinking that everything is usual. Prevention is better than cure and so there is a need to categorically shun away from this inhuman act. It is only by approaching up with adequate measures in the health sector and the intelligence service too.These atomic number 18 basically substances that are commonly used during military operations to kill or cause adverse injuries due to their physiologic effects. Chemical effects range from nerve to blister and chocking effects. Nerve agents are very toxic state of war agents. They came to the existence during World War II. Some of these agents include GA-tabun, GB-sarin GD-soman, GF-cyclosarinand the VX-methylphosphonothoic acid. G agents are non-persistent unlike the V agents which are persistent (Hamid & Antu, 2006). Most of the G agents are blended with other substances to increase their effects hence do the total amount of the toxic substance concentration into the skin by a bigger percentage. At room temperature, it is believed that the GB is highly volatile as GA though to a lesser extent. However, VX is a non-volatile liquid and therefore, it is not that harmful as compared to other agents. Nerve agents are colorless and mobile liquids date others are characterized with a faint fruity like smell (Falkenrath et al., 1998). Victims who inhale GB and VX die later on 15 minutes of absorption. Despite GA being less toxic as compared to GB and VX, its let loose concentration is more irritating to the eyes its symptoms are often observed in the skin superman rather than

Explain Marie Winn's ideas about how television functions, and show Essay

condone Marie Winns ideas about how television functions, and show how her ideas apply to other forms of mass media - Essay ExampleFirst in that respect were news paper. They informed people of the state of affairs and public believed them. Publishers sold scandals and negative emotions and public got depended. Papers served as a wonderful way out of an awkward situation. If you did not want to communicate with people in a public place, you read a newspaper. A father, afraid of communication with his children, could hide himself behind a morning paper during breakfast and then escape in reading evening papers. Today papers and magazines serve as a source of propaganda of way of lives. Reading veritable magazines you feel belonging to certain groups. Radio helps you to passively entertain yourself both in free time and on your way to work. boob tube and internet absorb most of time and attention of millions of people in the world. A TV-set is an obligatory affaire in every house. People get surprised learning that you do not watch TV. net income is a new plague of the humanity. Seemingly inoffensive and enormously useful at first sight, it creates a generation of online people, afraid of living communication and unable to perceive a concrete person who could pay back a partner.Marie Winn in her book The Plug-In Drug Television, Children and the Family provides keen observations of the impact of television on the keep of late people and families. It is a well known fact that a family is the smallest cell of the society. It is here that we start our life journey, learning how to deal with the world and people. Certainly, the problem of parents and children has always existed. Even Juliet Capulet found it difficult to explain herself with her let and communicated with her parents mostly through the nurse. Yet, the Capulets did have a chance to inform their offspring about their demands, hopes and displeasure. The family also had about rituals uniting the m into a family, different from the rest families in Verona. Modern children often learn their parents

Performance Appraisal and Employee Performance Dissertation

Performance Appraisal and Employee Performance - speech Example53 List of Figures and Appendices Figure 1 Preference of companies for different performance appraisal measures.. 32 Figure 2 Satis pointion levels of employee on different measures. 32 Figure 3 Factors influencing motivation of employees... 34 Figure 4 Alternative measures in influencing employee performance 35 Appendix 1 The Gantt Chart.... 46 Appendix 2 Questionnaire 47 I. Executive Summary Organizations in the modern times are totally the more improving and adopting sweet measures towards their performances. Performance management has always been an integral part of every establishment dealing with the employee performance involve and determining ways to improve the employee performances. The current study deals with an realizeing of the competency of a performance appraisal system in influencing the employee performance within an governance. The focus of the study has been to understand whether there is a need to incorporate alternative measures within organizations to effectively influence organizational employees. The study has taken both primary and secondary sources as its study materials. While the secondary sources based on the previous researches conducted on the concerned topic, the primary sources were based on the interviews and survey responses conducted on some of the companies in London, the participants being the organizational members and managers. The complete study has clearly reflected the fact that although performance appraisal systems are doing hearty and are quite significant in... From this dissertation it is clear that employees are an organizations most pregnant assets. Their satisfaction, good performance, positive attitude, creativity, adaptability etc. are very important for the growth of any organization. homosexual superior in an organization does not refer simply to the people working for an organization. It can be seen in terms of the total collective worth of the capabilities, skill-sets, prior-experiences, knowledge and motivation present in an organizational workforce. Human capital is of supreme importance in organizations mainly because of the huge cost that is incurred on them and also because of the fact that if properly guided, human capital has the power to take an organization to a much higher level. going by the huge amount of literature available on this topic, it can be said that the conception of monitoring and guiding the performance of both, an individual and the organization as a self-colored, is not a new concept. The origin of performance management can be traced back to the period of First World fight when the assessment used to have the personality of the individual as the criteria of assessment. During the 1960s, the appraisal practice shifted its focus towards the fit of organizational goals and assessing an individual on the basis of performance related competencies and not personality. The late years of 1980 and the whole of 1990 witnessed the organizations undergoing a lot of quick change. During this period, the appraisal system had become the core process of managing the workforce and the organization as a whole.

The world has become increasingly more militarized Essay

The world has become increasingly much militarized - Essay Example32). The ever rising array expenditures on the war against terrorism groups much(prenominal) as radical and Hezbollah has led to many stakeholders such as scholars, economists, diplomats, human rights groups and international organisations to heading the rationale, causes, implications and consequences of these expenditures on the world (Ricolfi, 2005, P. 129). Although amplificationd military expenditures on rebel and terror groups has been evident since historical times, the issue of the current trends of rising military expenditures in anti-terrorism crusades could be traced to the 9/11/2001 terror attacks on the unify Stated of Americas Twin Towers. It is after these Al-Qaeda masterminded attacks on the United States that the idea of spheric War on Terror (GWOT) became prominent (Wright, 2006, P. 159). Since these and later attacks on U.S interests elsewhere in the world, military expenditures on the war a gainst terrorism have been exponentially increasing (Lustick, 2006, P. 217). The GWOT initiative has been particularly influential in regulate military spending trends, with a reported annual increase of 5% between 2001 and 2006 (Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, 2008, P. 271). In fact, in the six years preceding the Al-Qaeda masterminded attacks in New York, an annual increase of 0.4% on military spending had been reported with the United States has being identified to account for nearly half the military expenditures against terrorism in the entire world (Sturr, 2006, P. 97). For instance, for the United States along, there was a reported 53% increase in terrorism-related military expenditures in the five years preceding the 9/11 attacks by Al-Qaeda (Ranstorp, 2009, P. 119). In fact, according to the Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, the US Congressional Budget Office (CBO) approximates that based on the size of troops deployed in operational areas, the total cost of GWOT is likely to reach between $1.2 jillion and $1.17 trillion by 2017 (Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, 2008, P. 89).This paper thus explores the assertion that the increased military spending on the war against terro

Human resource management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human resource management - Research Paper ExampleThe program intends to join on productivity and lessen operating cost by letting their employees break away when they are most amentaceous and offering them a flexible scheduling and office-space initiative that lets employees pass from home or at supererogatory telecommuting centers. The program is combination of work-from-home, traditional desk time and group meetings to encourage employees to fall upon a work environment and schedule that makes them most efficientThe wise work arrangement at cant of the States relates to the class in terms of universe consistent with the business organizations effort to find ways to increase productivity and lessen cost with the use of technology that would ultimately increase profit. The new work arrangement at Bank of the States also shows how technology can redefine and advance work as discussed in class. With regard to increasing productivity, flexible working terms allow employees to work in environment where they are most comfort sufficient and efficient. Issues such as being late due(p) to traffic will be removed by the new employment arrangement. It is also advantageous to Bank of America not only because its employees are now more productive but also it is able to save overhead and other cost associated in keeping employees in office. In fact, Bank of America projected this to reach an amount of USD 8 billion by just allowing employees to work on a flexible terms. By implementing the program, the company will spend less on electricity, furniture and other cable car and equipment used by their employees when they are at work in the office.This is also advantageous to employees because it allows them to have a work- breeding balance as they can also attend to other things at home (such as being with children) while working. The time saved from commuting and preparing for work can instead be channeled to other life enhancing activities such as spending time with family and friends or engaging in

Faye Glenn Abdellah Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Faye Glenn Abdellah - Research Paper ExampleShe completed her diploma breast feeding education in 1942 from Fitkin memorialisation Hospital School of Nursing in New Jersey. Thereafter, Faye Glenn Abdellah received a Bachelor of Science in the year 1945. In 1947, she obtained a Masters of Arts and in 1955, she received a Doctor of Education. The both certificates were obtained from the Teachers College at Columbia University. Faye Glenn Abdellah, an earlier Chief Nurse Officer in the Public Health receipts in America, she was the first female suck up to be hired as a Deputy surgeon in U.S. Faye Glenn Abdellah has led various breast feeding research and has many publications connected to nursing education, care, for nursing research along with advanced nursing practice. In 2000, based on her contributions in changing nursing care, nursing surmise as sound as nursing education, she received international and national awards. The National Womens Hall of Fame was one of them (Abdel lah, 1994). The main reason for Faye Glenn Abdellah developing the theory was to change the focus of nursing work from the advancement of disease-centered to the approach of patient-centered. Her theory was also developed so as to provide a assortment system for patient-oriented records and patient care in the health care system. The theory of Faye Glenn Abdellah was developed to provide a foundation for organizing and ascertain nursing care. It was also concerned with giving a basis for classifying and availing appropriate strategies in nursing practice. The theory gives concepts of problem solving in nursing through use of 21 questions approach to solve problems related to health requirements of patients. The theory had three areas the sociological, physical and emotional patients necessitate the forms of interpersonal associations between the patient and the nurse and the common components of patient care. Faye Glenn Abdellah believed that the theory would offer a instruc tion of evaluating the experiences of a patient and also give a method of determining the competency of a nurse depending on the outcome measures. The theory comprised of the assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation phases. My definition of nursing actually fit well with the definition in the theory since both definitions emphasize on the fact that nursing is usually a widespread service that is based on science and art that shape an individual nurses intellectual competencies, attitudes and technical skills into the ability and desire to help sick people cope up with their health care needs. My definition and definition of nursing practice of Abdellahs theory both emphasize that the profession focus on patient-centered instead of disease-centered approach. The approach of patient-centered is valuable in the practice of nursing as it assists in bringing out the organization and structure into an organized assortment of health care experiences. The theory classi fies the problems of nursing depending on the needs of patients and develops a framework of giving nursing goals and treatment that offers a foundation for organizing and determining nursing care. As compared with other theories with similar meanings, this theory describes nursing practice as a spatiotemporal service that has three key categories to individual patients, families and then to the society. For example, as compared to an ICU health nurse, model of this theorys nursing care endows the ICU nurse with explicit guidelines on how to better deal with and bear off several conditions of patients with grace and

Competitiveness and Customers Satisfaction Research Proposal

Competitiveness and Customers Satisfaction - Research Proposal ExampleAlthough current recession continues to be evident, economists project that as soon as the economy recovers local and international travel businesses would again progress. The US government (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2008) calculates that their number of international visitors will rebound by year 2010 and beyond. Thus, this is certainly a good news in tourism business particularly those with high number of travelers as customers want hotels, restaurants, car rental companies, tourist attractions and online merchants.This study investigates he business battle and customer expiation in Airline Ticketing business, which is group in two varied settings The Online booking and purchasing versus sureness fine booking and purchasing (Traditional booking and purchasing). Travel agencies would most likely benefit the study, since results can be i of their ultimate basis ofIn the totality, this research aims to res pect by comparing the competitiveness and customer delight in both Airline rag online booking and purchasing, as well as Airline tatter Office tag end booking and purchasing - popularly called as the traditional booking and purchasing.The study intends to assess by comparing the competitiveness and customer satisf... 1. Determine the marketing strategies adopted by Airline ticket online booking and purchasing and office airline ticket booking and purchasing businesses2. Assess the train of competitiveness in Airline ticket online booking and purchasing and office airline ticket booking and purchasing businesses in terms ofa. Number of successful airline ticket bookings b. Number of successful airline ticket purchasesc. Companies Net Income d. Current total number of customers3. Find out the level of customer satisfaction in Airline ticket online booking and purchasing and office airline ticket booking and purchasing businesses to the companies found ona. Customer Services a.1 . Customer-Customer Service Representative Interaction a.2. Customer assistance b. General facilities & availability c. CostsOffice and Online 34. Test the significant difference in the competitiveness and customer satisfaction of Airline ticket online booking and purchasing and office airline ticket booking and purchasing businesses.5. draw the significant relationship between the level of competitiveness of Airline ticket booking and purchasing and the level of their customers satisfaction.Problem Statement The study intends to assess by comparing the competitiveness and customer satisfaction in both Airline ticket online booking and purchasing, as well as Airline ticket Office ticket booking and purchasing - popularly called as the traditional booking and purchasing. The entire course is raise directed to answer the specific questions below1. What marketing strategies are adopted by Airline ticket online booking and purchasing and office airline ticket booking and purchasing b usinesses2. How competitive are

Art Analysis # 4 Expressive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art Analysis 4 Expressive - Essay ExampleThis is a comic mental picture that is in contrast with the late Pollock or the tragic vision of the Rothko, it would hightail it a point if seen as being figurative. Nonetheless, it creates impertinent areas of erotic everyday life to the abstract art. The painting is an abstract that does not exists it is the woman that only exists on the mind of the painter (Mark and Annalyn 42). Moreover, the fabulation of brushwork and color, with the pushed, splattered, realized paint telling unequivocally that which is furiously sexual.Regardless of the fierce heterosexuality that exists in the painting of Woman I, the artists who have followed de Kooning into the new space between real world and abstraction dealt in the sexual ambiguity. Indeed, closer to the de Koonings animated cartoon painting are the Oldenburgs fantasies of the mass produced consumables sexualized and inflated. Indeed, the exaggerations made on the woman including the giant lipstick are simply a portrayal of the emotional and romantic state of the painters mind (Mark and Annalyn 51). In a nutshell, the painting is an abstract that only portrays the emotional state of mind of the painter. It shows that woman the painter fantasizes off-key during the painting period. It is therefore not a real life painting but rather an

Educational Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Educational Systems - Essay ExampleThis paper stresses that various citizens in the UK direct scattered their trust in the educational system of the UK and have criticized the reading system incorporated by the faculty member institutes as head as the government. Strong evidence has emerged which raises doubts over the quality of the educational as well as information system in the UK and highlights the need for improvement from the government. The author approves that lack of consistent learning and development has lead citizens to complain over the downgraded academic standards of the UK. Even employers have found difficulty in being able to find people who dont possess basic skills which can be beneficial for employment which include problem solving, numeracy, time management etc. Due to this reason, employers either have to invest on the improvement of their employees or have to hire candidates from abroad. This report makes a conclusion that learning styles may also depend on various factors such as age, demography, gender etc and there is a sudden change in learning style when one gets old and gains relatively more experience. encyclopaedism styles do play a critical role in the educational system of a component part and due to this reason, intervention and constant intervention of the government authorities is highly critical in this regard. The pass on regulations of UK do depict the fact that learning styles and education system are related to each other. For this reason, it is super crucial to incorporate different learning styles into the educational system of a region.

Principles of Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Principles of Microeconomics - Essay ExamplePrice generateation and cartel administration is illegal according to the U.S law. For example, there are three firms in an industry and they collude to form a cartel. They fix the prices they will charge from their customers and all the three firms charge the same price. Furthermore, firms may also fix prices to prevent new firms to enter the market. This is an example of horizontal price fastness and is illegal according to the US antitrust law. The US antitrust law discourages creation of monopoly and price fixing to stimulate competitiveness inside an industry.However, there are some exceptions to the illegality of cartels in the US. For instance, if the agreement between two companies is a tacit one, it is non considered as illegal. For example, Pepsi and Coca Cola do non have any formal price fixing agreement. However, they have a tacit agreement whereby both the companies charge similar price from their customers. They do not co mpete on the basis of price but instead involve in non price arguing to increase their market

Tv series Angels in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tv series Angels in America - Essay ExamplePrior Walker, a gay man who discovers he has AIDS, essential make out with the end of a relationship while facing his own mortality. Through his numerous heavenly visions, he learns that he is a prophet, perhaps symbolizing hope and survival. At the beginning of the story, Louis Ironson is Priors neurotic boyfriend later, however, he abandons the relationship once he discovers Prior is suffering from AIDS, unable to deal with a tragedy that symbolizes his own fears. Harper and Joe Pitt must address their own intent-changing events she attempts to numb her repressed life with drugs and must eventually pose her husbands homosexuality and Joe must struggle with his sexual identity element and issues of politics and homophobia. Two main characters are based on actual people Roy Cohn and Ethel Rosenberg. Cohns voyage is not easy he continually denies his sexuality and, until the end, holds tightly to his judgmental nature and conservatism . The ghost of Rosenberg visits Cohn in the hospital as she struggles with her unjust execution and the desire to confront her prosecutor. Each characters move begins with tragedy and personal struggle, as these elements work well as dramatic sources of self-discovery.The various ways in which the main characters deal with the issue of homosexuality can me seen in their personal relationships and how they look at the world. Whether in or out of the closet, each character must face the stereotypes and social expectations of their sexuality. It is clear that the characters who refuse to face the truth of their sexual orientation struggle with the avoidance of their true nature and, in many ways, this dishonesty eats at their souls. Joe is living a lie through his marriage to Harper and gradually understands he must live a somewhat truer life, while Harper faces the repercussions of his decision. Cohn is perhaps the most repressed and

Education - One of the Most Powerful Social Institutions Assignment

Education - One of the Most efficacious Social Institutions - Assignment ExampleIt equips an individual with skills and experience needed for the maintenance of the society through self-enhancement and upward social mobility. Conflict perspective suggests that education creates social barriers between individuals, which sustains social inequality. Instead of looking at things in a societal level, symbolic interaction perspective zeroes in on classroom and develop dynamics, which influences the individuals outlook in life.From a functionalist perspective, education is seen as the primary agent of dual-lane values and norms. Education is not responsible for just teaching academic knowledge but it should likewise develop an individuals identity that corresponds to what is accepted by the society. Functionalism studies social events and institutions by looking at its manifest and latent functions. With education, its manifest or obvious function is teaching academic knowledge, as we ll as, developing the social skills of the individual. As an agent of development and stability, it is responsible for the transmission of culture by instilling shared values and norms corresponding to that of the larger society. And lastly, equipping an individual with knowledge, values and social skills, it creates an chance for upward social mobility through employment. The educational institution is primarily responsible for developing individuals as alter members of the society. Latent or hidden functions of the institution are to create a safe and practical center for parents to leave their children behind as they make a living and become contributing members of the society. Education besides serves to control the entry of individuals in the labour force. Lastly, it creates and establishes social networks through friendships, partnerships and relationships between individuals essential as they upgrade and mature.Conflict perspective views education very differently from t he functional perspective.

Budgeting Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Budgeting - Coursework ExampleThis is because from fifth month Nod will have decent cash non only to decent regular cash payments but also Nod will have sufficient cash to return the overdraft. The consideration is also required for capital expenditure that Nod is planning to get under ones skin in the beginning of 2nd year. The cost of car is $15000. Nod will generate $3000 on interchange an old car and the rest ?12000 will be easily generated out of operation in succeeding(a) six months. This is because cash by the end of September 2011 after paying overdraft of say $800 will be $13150. Each month enough extra cash will be generated to meet $15000 cost easily. accordingly Nod is advised to negotiate only for an overdraft of $800 in April for a period of four months. Word reckon 221 d) Budgeting and business goals Budgeting has become an essential function of any business activity so much in the sense that it becomes easy to attain the purposes for which the business activit y is planned for. In fact management plans to chance upon several goals when budgeting is under taken for a business activity. Under normal circumstances budgets are utilise for the purposes of attaining control and evaluation, communication with different concerned parties, planning, and motivation of the factors involved in the business process. Goal compass is a characteristic of successful business and a budget is a critical part of the process. It is a financial forecast of your operating and capital activities.(Carol Patterson)i Operating budgets are used for planning the operations to fulfil strategic objectives. Operating budget draws the attention of the management toward revenue projections and regular and routine expenditure to airlift that projected revenue. The management can set up goals of earning specific revenue in order to meet the required payments for the generation of that revenue and improve the entitys liquidity to meet unforeseen expenditure and payments . In fact operating budget force the management to plan for increasing profitability as in that location is direct relation between economising of the business expenditure and profitability. The main goal of planning and control is ever so achieved through efficient budgeting. The budgeting system is designed to plan and control a business. However, it is common for the budget to be gamed by its participants. For example managers may pad their budgets with excess resources. In this modality, managers will have additional resources for unheralded events during the period. If the budget is being used to establish the incentive plan, then gross revenue managers have incentives to understate the sales potential of a territory to ensure hitting their quota.(Carl S Warren, James M. Reeve, and Jonathan Duchac)ii That way revenue or operating budget can be made objectives to be achieved by the operational staff. Incentives when linked with budgets mechanically create sort of enthusiasm among the operating staff to achieve budgetary targets or goals. It is believed that businesses should always create and apply budgets in order to keep a check or track of their income and expenses. This is more applicable for small business and operations. Budgeting helps the businesses to project their profitability to be achieved over a period covered by the budget. Budgeting can spot problems and plan in advance the means to rectify those problems and issues. In a way financial

Railway Development in Hong Kong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Railway Development in Hong Kong - Essay faceAs the essay declares Hong Kong is a unique urban area with exceedingly high densities and strong mercenary core. It housenot rely on automobiles to the same extent as other cities. Thus Hong Kong is the most favorable environment in the world for urban rail. The key to keeping Hong Kong moving will be to provide mobility alternatives that can make extensive automobile use unnecessary. This paper stresses that railways play a central role in the new transport strategy as they serve as efficient and environmentally friendly raft carriers. The location of employment centres within walking distance of rail stations ensures the usage of railways making the trust on road-based transport minimal. The Governments policy is to accord priority to railways so that they will sorting the backbone of a balanced transport system for Hong Kong. The other reasons put forward to the Provisional legislative Council to request funding for the developm ent of railway infrastructure are the population increase by 8.2 gazillion in 2016, the need to access new areas, the need to redefine cross-boundary passenger and freight rail services. tout ensemble the reasons can be summed up into one the rapid changes in the Hong Kong environment in the last iii years with the fundamental change being the reverting of Hong Kong to China in 1997. These changes urged the Government to formulate the scratch line Railway Development Strategy in 1994.

Film Journal Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Film Journal - Personal Statement exercisingThe motivation factor behind this course of action is to show Fifty Shades of Grey is not advancing modern feminism. My discovery that fits this story particularly is Freuds treatment of Masochism and sadism in his discussion of versed aberrations. Christian is a direct embodiment of Oedipus complex. The term is used to signify a childs desire to eat up sex with his parents. In our case, Freud might suggest that Christian lacks an outlet that can helper him master the Oedipus complex. He thus finds girls and women who can represent his mother and exploits them sexually in order to stun the feeling of control of his past and sexuality.Analyzing the movie, The Girl with The Dragon tattoo, I would focus on the incident where Lisbeth is assaulted by her guardian. The movie misses a bold opportunity to project voyeurism in the incidents of recorded or photographed violence. The movie could have revealed more about the real and scary human f ascination as well as absorption with violence and sex

Critically discuss the view that anti-globalisation arguments Essay - 4

Critically discuss the view that anti- sphericalisation arguments seriously undervalue the benefits that globalisation has delivered for all countries 01296 - try on ExampleIn this paper, role of anti-globalisation arguments in undervaluing benefits of globalisation has been critically assessed to determine its validity.According to different scholars, no specific definition of globalisation exists and consequently the debates initiates at this very point. However, in common language, globalisation tin can be defined as desegregation of several national markets into one common global gathering where national boundaries are largely diminished (Das, 2010). It is an intensification of interconnectivity and movement of trade, finance, human and non-human resources, culture and investment (Robertson, 1992). According to studies, economical globalisation can be considered as the most influential force that has shaped the globe since the wars (Das, 2010 Huwart and Verdier, 2013). oer t he time, globalisation became one of the drivers of structural changes with respect to global, regional and national economies. It is also referred to as a ruling transformative force on the face of world economy (Amin, 2004 Das, 2010).It was observed that globalisation has resulted in significant jump off in value as well as volume of international trade in goods and operate along with expansion in long and short periodic flow of capital (Amin, 2004 Huwart and Verdier, 2013). It was also collect that liberalisation as a part of globalisation movement cause trade and financial integration and raised economic growth rate and earning rate. As the worldwide economic integration progressed and intensified, it caused increase in efficiency of various tangible and intangible resources and utilisation of inputs (Das, 2010). According to studies in 2007, the volume of goods and services in global multilateral trade was equivalent to $16.9 trillion and it was about 34 percent of total gl obal gross domestic product (Huwart and Verdier, 2013). In the same year, private

Sample Research Paper for English Essay Example for Free

Sample Research Paper for English searchThe struggle now being waged in the professoriate over which drop a liners deserve canonical status is non h integrity(a)st a struggle over the relative merits of literary geniuses it is a struggle among contending factions for the right to be delineate in the picture America draws of itself. (Tompkins 201)In 1850, with the dish up of her well-kn protest father, James Fenito a greater extent barrel maker, Susan Fenimore make published uncouth Hours, a native historical account of 1 year in the Otsego Lake atomic number 18a of New York state. I mention her fathers name in fix to situate Susan Fenimore make in literary history, or, more accurately, to smudge her book in relation to our envisionings of literary history. For truthfully, if literary history were faithful to the developments of, and reactions to, literature of the past, Susan Fenimore makes name would be well-known to all scholars of nineteenth- ascorbic acid Am erican literature. Her book was immensely popular both in America and overseas it went through six printings by 1854, the publication year of Thoreaus Walden. bucolic Hours was reissued with a novel chapter in 1868, reprinted once more in 1876, and then abridged by 199 pages and reissued in 1887. When critics p swot upd pastoral Hours1 and the volume sold well, Susan Fenimore Cooper achieved literary fame as a writer of biographylike history. However, while cosmosy another(prenominal) of her propagation knew her name, many scholars in the nineties know just of her father. Why this oversight in the construction of literary history?2In 1968, David J sensations, a visitor to the Otsego Lake region in New York, reissued the 1887 edition of Coopers book. In his introduction he compares country-style Hours to the canonically established Walden and claims, hobnailed Hours is non, like Walden, a multi-level book (xxxvii). Instead Coopers school textual matterual matterua l matter, Jones asserts, tells us as well as a book canhow a representative dissipate of the rural northeastern United States looked, sounded, smelled, and even felt in the middle of the nineteenth century (xxxvii-viii). Admittedly, portraying a location so fully is no clarified task, and although Jones intimates that Rural Hours provides enjoyable light reading, he cl premature believes that Thoreaus text far surpasses Coopers in its complexity and depth. I regard to suggest that Joness evaluation of Rural Hours overlooks penetrating further important textual intricacies, that Coopers text ismulti-levelled, and is, in fact, concerned with frequently more than the local flora and fauna of the Otsego Lake region.One problem in ascertain the literary value of Rural Hours lies in our inability to classify its genre. The book takes the form of a nonfictional daybook, but Rural Hours cannot be classified as autobiography in the traditionalistic sense of one writer bearing the story of his or her manners experiences. Cooper portrays her outside domain as much as her personal experiences, and she links her written materials to her community more than to her own life. One is tempted to call Rural Hours record writing and, in fact, her contemporary supporters do classify her text as much(prenominal), but Coopers text does not meet the typical criteria for this genre, both. This is in part because of the imprecision of definitions of genius writing itself.Critics generally agree that division writing is non-fictional prose in which the writer functions as an observer of the outside world, searchs to represent that outside world in style, and typically, reflects on the process of giving language to the indispensable world. It is comm nevertheless agreed that record writing likewise evinces the reservoirs reflections of his or her undivided religious growth. Sharon Cameron, in writing around Thoreau, suggests that to write about genius is t o write about how the listen sees genius, and sometimes about how the mind sees itself (44). In his recent study of several temper writers, Scott Slovic echoes and expands Camerons definition Nature writers are not merely, or even primarily, analysts of temperament or appreciators of dispositionrather, they are students of the kindkind mind (3). We feel, then, that according to our authoritative definitions, constitution writers write about their environment, but they in like manner consider their personal consanguinity to it. Therefore, a writer like Cooper, who concerns herself more directly with her surroundings and less with her personal reactions to them, in some way does not kind of fit the criteria for the genre. How can a book such as Rural Hours, rich with observations on the botany, ornithology, and instinctive history of an area, not be considered character writing?I submit that we be in possession of been skilful to read books about the natural world andt he human kindred to it in slipway that affect our abilities to find value in texts that deviate from the canonical Thoreauvian forma form based on personal reflections regarding ones relationship with nature, ones connection to the community, the difficulties of extending perceptions through language, and, most importantly, perhaps, the process of forming individuality. When contemporary readers realize and examine the expectations that they bring to Rural Hours, and leadingly suspend those expectations, thereby allowing the text to reveal its own agenda and voice its own concerns, they will discover that Coopers work is rich with insights regarding nineteenth-century Americas social, natural, and historical politics.Rural Hours is not so directly involved in exploring how the mind sees nature or how the mind sees itself. Instead, Cooper concerns herself with the ominous task of giving words to for each one sentiment of her natural surroundings and to exploring the implicatio ns of this environment not for herself as an individual, but for her liberalr community, and ultimately, for the entire nation. We moldiness(prenominal) ask, then, not only if Rural Hours has literary value, but also if we as critics can consider expanding our current conceptions of nature writing to accommodate a book such as Rural Hours.In his attempt to summarize what he considers to be the weaknesses of Coopers book, Jones quotes a description of autumn in Rural Hours and uses Coopers words to cook an analogy concerning her prose autumn, like Coopers prose, is variable, changeable, not alike twice in succession, gay and brilliant yesterday, more purposeless and pale today (xxxvii). As literature, Jones further explains, Rural Hours varies from brilliant in one passage to timid and pale in another (xxxvii). Jones offers very little support for this unfavorable estimation of the book and, so, I cannot help but wonder why he truly found the news report to be worn down and pale. As we will see, Joness explanation for the weakness of Miss Coopers work is circular and underdeveloped, and supports the conventional notion that fictitious character nature writing portrays less of nature, and more of the authors engagement with the natural world. Further examination of his criticisms will help to explain the exclusion of Rural Hours from most records of literary history.Jones explains, Cooper brought realism and vitality to her portrait of rural life by revealing its variable and changeable nature, to be sure, but the very act produced a major flaw in the book (xxxvii). Jones here suggests that Coopers realistic portrayal of the natural world is the very declension of her book. However, her narrative dedication to the natural world, to its vitality and constancy, necessitates that portions of the text be purely descriptive. Jones thus seems to contradict himself the one level at which Coopers text is unsurpassed, he asserts, is in its ability to so accu rately and faithfully secernate the natural world. This strength, however, is also the weakness of the book. Finally, Jones does not pay back this flaw at all instead, he coming back to discuss Thoreaus Walden.Jones assumes throughout his introduction that Thoreaus book is far superior to Coopers, that readers of Rural Hours will agree with this assessment, and that, therefore, his assessment requires no justification. This system of reasoning also presupposes that Walden and Rural Hours afford the same criteria for judgement, or, that they exhibit similar attempts at representing nature.3 If Cooper and Thoreau actually engage similar projects, this assessment is valid. If, however, these writers differ in their purposes, or representand react tothe natural world in distinct ways, then we need to examine these criteria of evaluation. How do we approach a text that attempts to represent the natural world on its own terms? Have we been taught to read texts whose straightforward l ine drawing of the natural world is, seemingly, their main goal?4If, as Jones suggests, Coopers prose system so loyal to her issue that it is in addition realistic, and therefore borders on boring, we need to ask how we expect Cooper to represent nature so as to hold our attentions and why her contemporaries were not also bored by her book. Many questions educate what are contemporary readers expectations of writing that engages the natural world? How do our expectations differ from those of readers in the nineteenth century? Assuming that readers bought and consumed Coopers text because they found spare-time activity in both its subject matter and its perspective, how does Coopers direct conveyance of the natural world reflect hercultures interests and concerns?5 What is the role of nature in such a text, as opposed to the role of people? How frequently do we require that a realistic portrayal of nature be re bulged by metaphor or symbolism, thereby preventing languid and pale prose? How often do we want to read specifically about nature, and how often are we more interested in exploring the human heraldic surviveing in nature? Finally, is Rural Hours actually poorly written, or boring?Such questions, originating from an attempt to understand the immense success and warm reception of Rural Hours in the mid- to late-nineteenth century, cause us to examine our conceptions of how writers should relate to nature, how their relations should be represented through language, and how weas readersshould read such texts. Read within our common understanding(a)s of nature writing, a conception that stresses writings influenced by the Romantics, Coopers prose may seem languid and pale, but if we approach Coopers text in other ways, as I will demonstrate, we will discern the richness of Rural Hours. pursual in writing that depicts the environment has increased in recent years. Clearly, texts such as Emersons Nature and Thoreaus Walden need dominated our readin g lists, but studies such as Cecelia Tichis New World, New Earth and Annette Kolodnys The Lay of the undercoat and The Land Before Her investigate the history of American interest in the environment and invite us to consider a variety of literary forms as important in understanding how Americans have cogitate to their natural environment through the centuries. Tichi states, Consistently since the seventeenth century environmental reform has formed an integral and important part of our cultural and literary history (x). American interest in the land infiltrates our earliest documents, as Tichi proves in her study. In early America, the American spirit and the American continent were bonded ideologicly, and arguably continue to be bonded ideologically, albeit in diametric ways (Tichi ix).Another important study of Americans conceptions of the wilderness as reflected in literature is Bernard Rosenthals city of Nature. Rosenthalsstudy focuses on Coopers predecessors and contemporari es, and concludes that two ideas of nature emerge in the writings of the American Romantics. He locates one idea of nature in the conception of wilderness as the space to be assumed by the emerging American city. The second idea of nature concerns the new religious myth, an individual journey into nature for the purpose of establishing what Rosenthal terms the city of the self (27). Put another way, two irreconcilable connotations emerged as the most important definitions of the word nature one in which nature represented commodity being modify into shade, and one in which nature became the metaphor for a new spiritual mythology for the nineteenth-century individual (Rosenthal 31).6 Rosenthal suggests that, during the nineteenth century, the legal age of Americans conceived of nature in this first way, and that most of the American Romantic writers worked within the second understanding of nature (71).7These two conceptions of nature largely inform our readings of nineteenth-cent ury texts that center, in some way, around the natural world. We have been taught not only to conceive of the natural world as a metaphor for our own society, but also to read texts that depict the natural world in terms of what they impart regarding the individual human spirit.8 We therefore approach texts that get out the natural world and that fortune personal reflections regarding the landscape with the expectation that they will either consider the trans institution of nature into its purest form, civilization, or that they will explore nature as spiritual place, as the site of an interior journey to a private place in the spirit (Rosenthal 18), or that the author will attempt both visions of nature.9 As readers we are taught that while purely descriptive prose may be poetically ravishing, it is boring, contains no metaphor or symbolism, and therefore lacks importance because it does not pertain to individual spiritual growth. In the words of a colleague, We skim over the flo wers and birds and pretty things and look for what really happens.However, what really happens often happens within the descriptive prose that we overlook. In relying on metaphor for our readings of such texts either the metaphor of nature as civilization or nature as self we fail to investigate the implications of capturing nature in language or the process by which a writer envisionselements of nature and transforms that vision into linguistic representation. We fail, finally, to ask how this investigating into the natural world functions not only for the individual or for society, but for the natural world itself.At this phase, some may accuse me of oversimplifying nature writing some may argue that metaphor and symbolism are the more complicated ways in which authors employ language, and that to dismiss these linguistic forms is to reduce nature writing to the parroting of knowledge of natural history, or the pithless naming of colors, sounds, and sights. I am not, however, suggesting that nature writing texts not be considered for their metaphorical value, only that we consider the implications of only considering them in this way.Susan K. Harris makes a similar point in her study of nineteenth-century womens sentimental novels written in the midst of 1840 and 1870There appears to be an unspoken agreement not to submit nineteenth-century American womens novels to extended analytical evaluation, largely because the evaluative modes most of us were taught devalue this literature a priori. (44)While Harriss study focuses on fictional writings, the implications of her study for the study of nature writing and Susan Fenimore Coopers text are multiple and deserving of some attention. Harris finds that the criteria upon which scholars often scrutinize texts in order to determine their literary merit and the methods they employ in analyzing texts disregard important transfigurenative aspects of texts. Harris suggests reading texts through a method she call s process analysis, a method of reading and interpreting a text that foregrounds the relationship of the literary critical task to the critics stance in her own time (145) and that considers the public, political and social context from which the text emerged.10 Harris explains her belief that it is important to establish the terms of the debate(s) in which the text participates the positions it takes, and how these positions are embodied in its textual structure(46).11 Thus, as the language of the text is foregrounded, we look at the text as both oxidizable and creative, and disregard the traditional concern that the text self-consciously embody timeless truths (45).A text such as Coopers Rural Hours faces many of the obstacles in contemporary criticism that the sentimental novels that interest Harris face, especially when considered as part of the category of writing that has come to be called nature writing. Not only does Coopers book imbibe a prosaic style that is contrary to those of canonized texts, but her book also forms part of a genre that itself is not very well established in the canon. She is, finally, a woman writing in a denigrated style within in a genre largely ignored by traditional scholarship.As critics have only recently begun to realize, historical and contemporary writers who represent their relationships to their surrounding environments exemplify differing ways of using language, and the linguistic methods these writers employ to represent and conceive of the natural world reflect, in complicated ways, the ideological implications of our cultural conceptions of nature. An understanding of the content of such writings, the issues they raise, and the methods of linguistic construction they employ will enable us, as literary scholars and historians, to realize how our language reflects our attitudes toward the earth, and more pointedly, how such attitudes have determined, prevented, or justified our actions against, and reactions to, th e earth. The traditional approaches to such texts consider timeless truths in the forms of metaphors concerning nature as civilization or journeys to nature as journeys to the self. only if these views often neglect to consider the authors interest in the political and social opinions of the time concerning the proper relationship of society and the earth, and how writers in our society throughout history have coded such opinions in language.12Studies such as Harriss often center on cultural conceptions of gender in womens fiction.13 The recent critical focus on issues of gender diametricaliation has lead contemporary critics to ask if women naturally relate to the outside world differently than men. In keeping with thisinterest, Annette Kolodny suggested in her 1975 study, The Lay of the Land, that womens writings and linguistic usages have all along been go us alternate means of expression and perception (ix) and that an examination of womens writings on the subject of nature could yield better understandings of American conceptions of the wilderness. Kolodny also states that a conscious and determined struggle to formulate for themselves the meaning of their landscape characterizes the writings of nineteenth-century Americans (Lay of the Land 71).Certainly both Cooper and Thoreaus texts engage in this struggle, although their engagements take different forms. Although I am not aware of any critical investigations as to whether Coopers and Thoreaus alternative narrative styles are based in gender differences,14 most recent critics of Cooper (of which there are few) do repeat on the issue of gender when exploring her text. Unlike Jones, they quickly dismiss Thoreau from their studies, and instead suggest that Coopers text presents a representative depiction of womans relationship to the natural world in nineteenth-century America.15The most recent study of Rural Hours appears in Vera Norwoods Made from This Earth, in which the author devotes a chapter to Susan Fenimore Cooper and her arguable influence on the women nature writers subsequent to her.16 Norwood argues that Cooper represented a literary domestic,17 a woman writer who wrote to deliver the scenes and value of middle-class homes to a wide readership (27). Thus, Norwood suggests, Cooper used the occasion of her book not only to describe her natural surroundings, but also to impart valuable lessons to her readers in a non-threatening manner. Norwood asserts that Cooper turned to nature to discover what nature teaches about the roles of women in the domestic realm.18 For example, Cooper describes robins and praises the mother robins dedication to her young, implicitly suggesting that human mothers should emulate the robins self-sacrificing nature (Cooper 39-40/Norwood 37-8). Thus, Norwood sees a conversation in Rural Hours, a dialog that Cooper creates in her text between the natural and human worlds in which gender roles in nature inform and enlighten gender roles in human society. Finally, Norwood claims that Cooper was consumed with understanding what nature suggests about womanly roles and family responsibilities, and how gender definitions and familial arrangements helppeople comprehend what they see in nature (37).Cooper does at times focus on gender roles and responsibilities in Rural Hours, but to state that she is consumed with such issues greatly exaggerates her narrative interests. As Norwood points out, Cooper ruminates on the devoted mother robin, but she also, interestingly, refers to the voluntary custody of the mother, and to her generous, enduring patience (Cooper 40). While this patience is clearly a noble attribute of agnate affection for Cooper, the scene leaves her somewhat incredulous and stunned by the mothers consistent, uncomplaining waiting Cooper admits this is a striking instance of parental devotion (40). While she may advocate human parental devotion, she also recognizes that the natural world is more willingly gene rous than the human world,19 and that whereas humans can ingest from nature, there are also aspects of the natural world beyond human comprehension.20Interestingly, and perhaps even provocatively, Norwood does not point out that the voluntarily imprisoned mothering robin is accompanied by the male of the little family, who occasionally relieves his mate by pickings her place awhile and exerts himself to bring her food, and to sing for her amusement (40). Cooper includes his participation in her description of voluntary imprisonment his is also a striking instance of parental affection. If Cooper invokes the mother robin as a testament to giving mothering, her invocation of the father bird suggests his necessary assistance around the nest.Ultimately, then, to read Coopers text in terms of its interest in gender affords some intriguing insights Cooper clearly remains within her position as a middle- to upper-class lady throughout her narrative and, just as clearly, seeks confirmatio n of gender divisions and domestic roles from the natural world.21 These instances, though, are rare in Coopers text. The themes and issues that arise more often in Rural Hours concern the establishment of a field of study identity and history, and while Cooper does not divorce her gender from the concerns that inform her larger agenda, she also does not encompass her interest in patriotism within explorations ofdomesticity. Certainly one aspect of Coopers desire to explore the natural world in order to formulate a national identity concerns the place of women in society, but to read Rural Hours altogether in terms of its attempt to explore the implications of gender roles as exemplified in the natural environment greatly simplifies the complexities and layers of Coopers book.I do not wish to suggest that traditional feminist readings of Coopers text are angry or unnecessary, nor that such readings will prove unproductive. I do believe, however, that reading Coopers book through alike narrow a focus is hazardous not only in seeking to establish her in the canon of serious and teachable writers, but also in that such a reading sidesteps many larger cultural issues that her text engages. A critical reading of Coopers text should investigate her representations and explorations of gender roles in mid-nineteenth century America as well as her other complex and overt concerns, such as the creation of an American history, the handling of American Indians, the problems of deforestation, and the religious connotations of the natural world, all of which fall under the rubric, in Coopers text, of the establishment of a national identity.22As Jones points out, the majority of Coopers text contains descriptions of her surroundings. Her reflections are not always couched in metaphor, as Jones also suggests, but this does not detract from the value of Coopers text, nor does it indicate that Cooper does not withstand significant issues in her writing. Coopers descriptio ns of her surroundings reflect and embody her larger concern for the development of a national identity based in the land. In her view, the establishment of a national identity is linked to individual conceptions of the land, its flora and fauna, its people, and the relationship of the countrys peoples to the land. Cooper depicts the landscape of Otsego Lake, relates the history of the land and its peoples, and describes the autochthonal plants, animals, and waters of the area in an attempt to create an identity of place. The landscape, and the life the land supports, create the identity of this place. Coopers literature of place23 serves not only to create a natural identity for the Otsego Lake region, but also to assert the need for a as wellconstructed national identity. The creation of a national identity, then, is the cultural work of Coopers text she seeks to locate the natural identity of her new nation.Coopers development of this theme a national identity rooted in the la ndscape is subtle and calculated, but a scrupulous reading of Rural Hours reveals the careful construction of Coopers text. The opening pages of Rural Hours share observations that reflect the intentions of the book as stated in Coopers 1850 prefaceThe following notes contain, in a journal form, the simple record of those little events which make up the course of the seasons in rural life. In meandering(a) about the fields, . . . one naturally gleans many trifling observations. . . The following pages were written in perfect effective faith, all the trifling incidents alluded to having occurred as they are recorded. (Preface)In her first chapter, we read of the coming of spring deoxycytidine monophosphate thaws, buds appear, robins return to the area. These are seemingly little events, trifling in their lack of worldly significance. One around immediately notices, however, the experience Cooper takes in plants and animals extraordinary to her native land, those that are uniqu ely Americas own. In communication channel to the European robin, our robin never builds a nest on the ground (21), and the pretty white-bellied swallow, which has been confounded with the European martin is, Cooper assures, peculiar to America (56).Cooper also explains the singularity of American plants, complaining that the wild natives of the woods are often crowded out by European plants that were introduced by the colonists and that drive away the prettier natives (81).24 In her discussion of autumn in America, Cooper ruminates, Had the woods of England been as rich as our own English writers would have praised the season in their writings long ago (336). Instead, one is led to believe that the American autumn has helped to set the fashions for the infant season of the Old World (335).American writers reflections on the landscape have encouraged English writers to do the same, Coopersuggests. These trifling observations begin to speak together, and we find Cooper asserting t he importance of knowing the natural forms indigenous to ones place. Thus, for Cooper, determining which birds, animals, and plants are native to America, as well as which of these are unknown to Europeans, helps to define the American landscape, and therefore helps to establish a national identity. She takes pride in her land and in its natural wealth.Cooper also mourns the bolshiees that her land incurs, suggesting that any depletion of the natural aspects of a place drastically alter its identity. Like her seemingly innocent cataloging of natural plants and animals indigenous to America, which emerges as a plea for national pride and definition based on the natural world, her repeated lamentings of disappearing or decreasing portions of the natural world emerge as a plea for the preservation of the wilderness. Like Coopers gently emerging concern for identifying indigenous plants and animals, Cooper gradually develops this theme of loss throughout her text. Little events, when t aken cumulatively, have large implications.Cooper observes wild pigeons in early March, for instance, and recalls a previous season when they passed over the valley in large unbroken flocks several miles in extent succeeding each other. Then she remarks, There have not been so many here since that season (18). The reader might dismiss this observation due to its early position in her book, but as one progresses through the text and continually comes across this musical theme of longing for previous times whensomehownature was more complete, one realizes that Cooper is truly concerned about the changes taking place in her surroundings.Her concern becomes much more overt, but not until much later in the book.25 Coopers seemingly minor concern for the losses of groups of birds or plants culminates in her consideration of the rapid deforestation occurring in the country.26 She returns to the subject many times throughout the course of Rural Hours and, further along in the book, strong ly criticizes people for their careless use of timberOne would weigh that by this time, when the forest has fallen in all the valleys when the hills are becoming more bare every daywhen timber and fuel are advance in prices, and new uses are found for even indifferent woodssome forethought and care in this find would be natural in people laying claim to common sense. (213-14)Clearly, Cooper is warning her contemporaries by suggesting that they discontinue the destruction of trees for purposes of fueling their homes. The continual destruction of the forests so radically alters the landscape that Cooper cannot conceive of continued deforestation. She not only seeks to educate her audience regarding the benefits of preservation she also makes the preservation of the American landscape a moral imperative.This moral duty for national preservation becomes linked to Coopers feelings regarding the red man, or Native Americans (93). Again, Cooper subtly portrays this sense of the loss of the indigenous peoples early in Rural Hours. When standing beside a clear running spring, she states, one seems naturally to remember the red man recollections of his vanished race ambush there in a more definite form than elsewhere (93). The rolling, clear water somehow evokes the vanished race yesterday they were here, to-day scarce a vestige of their existence can be pointed out among us (94).However, later in Rural Hours, Cooper more overtly conveys her feelings regarding the colonists treatment of the indigenous peoples, which she finds integral to the colonists treatment of the landscape. While viewing a forest grove, she laments It needs but a few short transactions to bring one of these trees to the ground (193). She reminds her readers that entire generations will come and go in the time that it takes for one of these mature trees to reach such magnificent heightsThe stout arm so ready to raise the axe to-day, mustiness grow weak with age, it must drop into the grave it s bone and sinew must crumble into dust long before another tree, tall and great as those, shall have heavy(p) from the cone in our hand (193-94).In the same paragraph, Cooper calls for a reinstitution of wilderness, claiming that the wild deer, the wolf and the bear must return from beyond the great lakes, and then, significantly, that the bones of the savage men buried under our feet must arise and move again. . . ere trees like those ever appear again, so large, so wild (194).27The mistreatment of Native Americans emerges as a large theme in Coopers text. She advocates retaining the label they gave to places and portions of the natural world, partly because of the beauty in Indian words, which unite both sound and meaning (484). In the creation of a national identity, Cooper intimates, the power of names is very suggestive names reveal history and meaning, and the Indians words capture both elements. She argues against re-naming places not only due to the beauty of the Native A mericans languages, however, but also because she believes that somehow European-Americans owe the indigenous peoples something. The refrain of loss that resonates throughout Coopers text reaches its climax in the following passage. I quote at length to impart Coopers passionThere are many reasons for preserving every Indian name which can be accurately placed generally, they are recommended by their beauty but even when harsh in sound, they still have a claim to be kept up on account of their historical interest, and their connection with the dialects of the different tribes. A name is all we leave them, let us at least go along that secretary to their memory as we travel through the country, and pass river after river, lake after lake, we may thus learn how many were the tribes who have melted away before us, whose very existence would have been utterly bury but for the word which recalls the name they once bore. (485)As these words suggest, Coopers concerns in Rural Hours are far-reaching. Cooper finds little distinction between the establishment of a national identity based in the uniqueness of the land, the preservation of the wilderness, and the maintenance of the influence of indigenous cultures.28 The natural history of this place and its people provide its meaning.These enmesh issues resonate even more strongly when Cooper places them in accordance with her religious ideals. Although her Christianity by no means permeates the text, its presence offers a cohesion between her many areas of interest. Cooper envisions each and every aspect of the natural world as belonging to part of Gods plan for Americans. For example, while admiring a particularly beautiful sky, Cooper says,At hours like these, the immeasurable goodness, the infinite wisdom of our Heavenly Father, are displayed in so great a degree of condescending tenderness to unworthy, sinful man, as must appear quite incomprehensible- entirely incredible to reason alonewere it not for the recol lection of the mercies of past years, the positive proofs of experience.What have the best of us done to merit one such day in a lifetime of follies and failings and sins? (73-74)I do want to stress that these moments are rare in Coopers text, that her homilies are short and few, but that they clearly convey her sense of wonder about the natural world.29 She finds value in each aspect of the natural world, and seeks to preserve the world as a testament of her faith in God.While maintaining the Puritan notion that the new world was intended for the colonists to cultivate, and that their duties included imparting Christianity to the Native Americans,30 Cooper also stresses the need to balance the human presence on, and cultivation of, the land with careful preservation of it. She envisions a society that works with the land, not against it, and that creates a national identity based on its intimate knowledge of, and respect for, the natural world. She suggests this balance between hum ans and nature lightheartedly, saying Many birds like a village life they seem to think man is a very good-natured animal, building chimneys and roofs, planting groves, and digging gardens for their especial benefit (63). hardly she also asserts the seriousness of her belief in admiring her village, rural and unambitious, and quite in proportion with surrounding objects (114).Cooper further explains her belief in a rural ideal,31 a sustainablebalance between civilization and nature, in an essay collected in The Home Book of the Picturesque, which was published in 1851The hand of man generally improves a landscape. The earth has been given to him, and his presence in Eden is natural he gives life and spirit to the garden. It is only when he endeavors to rise above his true part of laborer and husbandman, when he assumes the character of creator, and piles you up hills, pumps you a river, scatters stones, or sprinkles cascades, that he is apt to fail. Generally the grassy hayfield in the valley, the winding road climbing the hill-side, the cheerful village on the bank of the stream, give a higher additional interest to the view or where there is something amiss in the scene, it is when there is some evident want of judgement, or good sense, or perhaps some proof of selfish avarice, or wastefulness, as when a country is stripped of its wood to fill the pockets or feed the fires of one generation. (82)This interest in creating a national identity based upon a balance of civilization, nature, and the preservation of religious ideologies forms the basic underlying motif in Coopers text. While her words often convey seemingly simple observations about her surroundings, Coopers linking of the natural world and the human treatment of it with the necessity of establishing a national conception of the proper human relationship to nature forms a complex, intricate portrayal of the myriad concerns of nineteenth-century life. Rural Hours also reveals how issues surroundin g the formation of national concepts of environmental treatment were intertwined with the establishment of pride in a new country.Additional readings of Rural Hours will undoubtedly uncover themes and tropes unexplored in the present essay. In order for this to occur, however, we must continually ask ourselves how our preconceptions may prohibit finding value in texts that do not meet established, too often unchallenged, criteria for judgements. One can approach Rural Hours, finally, as a natural history occupied in creating the story of a region and as an attempt to appreciate nature on its own terms not as a commodity for human use, but as beautiful, powerful, and suggestive of Gods greatness. In writing abalance between humans and nature, Cooper sets an agenda not only for her region, but for the country as a whole. Her text is filled with natural history, but it also expounds upon the concerns of an age in Americas history. As such, it greatly contributes to our understandings o f the human presence on the land.

Big city vs small town Essay Example for Free

Big city vs small town EssayMatter and EnergyLearning Objectives get a line the general archetypes of matter and zip-why are these entities important to environmental scientists? Be able to define and give examples of the terce laws governing matter and might-how do these laws affect our understanding of matter/ zippo quantity and quality Be able to differentiate between possible and kinetic force Be able to discuss the concept of entropy and how this help affects all maintenance things Check out the chemistry review if you feel you pauperism some additional chemistry back constitute for this section I. One important thing about systems and reinforcement things Life obeys somatic laws.Drink some water, eat some food, run to class. The two things that connect these activities and early(a) aspects of elevator carriage on earth are matter and muscle. Matter has mass and occupies space it is the stuff you and everything else is do of. Matter comes in a variety of t iers. We call these different unique types of matter elements. An atom is the smallest unit of measurement of an element that has all of the properties of that element. on that point are 92 naturally occurring elements in nature. These different arrive ats of matter differ uniquely in their physical and chemic substance properties carbon (C) and atomic number 1 (H) differ in their size, reactiveness with another(prenominal) atoms, and other physical and chemical substance substance properties. An element is a substance that flush toiletnot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical involves. An element can be combined with another to make a compound. For instance, hydrogen combines with oxygen to produce water. Scientists use symbols (hydrogen=H, oxygen=O) as a kind of short-hand for describing compounds.For example H2O is mean water is comprised of 2 toms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen II. Energy is a much debatable concept. Formally, it is defined as th e ability (or capacity) to do drill Work is the product of force and distance. When you are go up the Hill, you are doing work by applying muscles (force) to depart up the Hill (distance). Energy is what you and all living things use to move matter or so and to change matter from one form to another. Energy is apply to grow your food, to keep you alive (metabolism), to move you from one place to another, and to warm and cool the buildings in which you work andlive. The uses and transformations of matter and nada are governed by certain scientific laws, which unlike the laws people enact, cannot be broken. III. There are three physical laws governing matter and power that are important to us. A) right of conservation of matterB) First law of energy ( starting signal law of thermodynamics)C) help law of energy ( aid law of thermodynamics)A. practice of law of Conservation of Matter (everything must(prenominal) go somewhere) We talk about consuming, or using up stuff and n onsense resources, but actually we dont consume any matter. We only borrow some of the earths resources for a while C taking them from the earth, carrying them to another part of the globe, processing them, using them, and then discarding, reusing, or recycling them. In the process of using matter we may change it to another form, but in every case we neither create nor destroy any measurable amount of matter. This results from the law of conservation of matter In any physical or chemical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed but merely changed from one form to another. When you throw a elan something, remember there is no away.Everything we think we have thrown away is comfort here with us in one form or another. How does this affect environmental science ? Although we can certainly make the environment cleaner, the law of conservation of matter says we lead always be face up with pollution of some sort. This means that we musttrade-off one form of pollution for anoth er. This trade-off involves making controversial scientific, political, economic, and honorable judgments about what is a dangerous pollution level, to what degree a pollutant must be controlled, and what amount of bullion we are willing to pay to reduce the amount of a pollutant to a harmless(prenominal) level. B. The First Law of Energy (First Law of thermodynamics) You cant get something for nothing You encounter energy in many forms mechanical, chemical (food and fuel), electric, nuclear, heat, and radiant (such as conflagrate). Scientists usually classify most forms of energy as either potential or kinetic energy.1) Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its motion and mass. A base car, falling rock, and the pass of electrons or charged particles called electrical energy are all examples of kinetic energy. The amount of kinetic energy matter has depends on both its mass and its velocity (speed). Because of itsvelocity a bullet fired from a gun can cause mor e damage that one thrown by hand and a bowling ball dropped on your foot does more damage that a pool ball. 2) Potential energy The energy stored by an object as a result of its position or the position of its split is called potential energy. A rock held in your hand, a bowl of cereal, a stick of dynamite, and a cooler car of gas are all examples. The rock has stored (or potential) energy that can be released and reborn into kinetic energy (in the form of mechanical energy and heat) if it is dropped.Doing work involves changing energy from one form to another. a. When you lift an object, chemical energy (a form of potential energy) stored in the chemicals obtained from your digested food is reborn into the mechanical energy (kinetic) use to move your arm and the object upward and into heat given off by your body b. In an machine engine, the che into electrical energy and heat ( slump grade form of kinetic energy. c. In an electric power plant, chemical energy from fossil fuels (potential) or nuclear energy from uranium nuclear fuel (potential) is converted into a combination of mechanical energy and heat. The mechanical energy is used to spin the turbine that converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy and more heat. When the electrical energy oscillates through the filament wires in an ordinary light bulb, it is converted into light and still more heat. Note that in all of these transformations, some energy is always wooly as heat that flows into the surrounding environment.3) Energy changes What energy changes occur when you drop a rock? Because of its eminenter(prenominal) position, the rock in your hand has a higher potential energy than the same rock at rest on the ground. When you drop the rock and it hits and eventually rests on the ground, the rock now has a very much lower potential energy. Has the amount of energy changed (i.e., the rock lost energy where did it go?) At jump glance it seems so. But according to the number 1 law of conservation of energy, in any ordinary physical or chemical process is neither created nor destroyed but merely change from one form to another.The energy lost by a system or collection of mater under con (in this instance, the rock) must equal the energy gained by the surroundings or environment (in this instance, straining molecules pushed out of the way, and landed estate particles moved by the impact of the rock). This energy law holds for all systems, living and nonliving. Lets look at what truly happens. As the rock drops, its potential energy is changed into kinetic energy C both itsown and that of the air through which it passes. The friction created when the rock is drops through the air causes air molecules in the air to move faster, so their average temperature rises. This means that some of the rocks original potential energy has been transferred to the air as heat. When the rock hits the ground more of its mechanical energy is transferred to particles of soil.Th e energy lost by the rock (system) is exactly equal to the energy gained by its surroundings. Scientists have neer seen an instance where energy input does not equal energy output. C. Second Law of Energy (Second law of thermodynamics) You cant break even Energy quality Because according to the first energy law energy can neither be created nor destroyed, you might think there will always be enough energy. Yet when you fill a cars tank with gasoline and drive around something is lost. If it isnt energy, what is it? The second law of energy, also known as the second law of thermodynamics provides the answer to this question. Energy varies in its quality or ability to do useful work. For useful work to occur energy must move or flow from a level of high-quality (more concentrated) energy to a level of lower-quality (less concentrated) energy.The chemical potential energy concentrated in a lump or coal or a tank of gasoline and the concentrated heat energy at a high temperature are fo rms of high-quality energy. Because the energy in gasoline or coal is concentrated, they have the ability to perform useful work in moving or changing matter . In contrast, less concentrated heat energy at a low temperature has little rest ability to perform useful work. Over the years, after investigating millions of renascences of energy from one form to another, scientists have found that some of the energy is always exuberant to a more dispersed and less useful form, usually as heat given off at a low temperature to the surroundings.In an internal combustion automobile engine, only about 20% of the high-quality chemical energy available in the gasoline is converted to mechanical energy used to propel the car the remaining 80% is degraded to low-quality heat that is released into the environment. In addition, about 50% of the mechanical energy produced is also degraded to low-quality heat energy through friction, so that 90% of the energy in gasoline is drive offd and not use d to move the car.When electrical energy oscillates through the filament wires in an ordinary light bulb, it is converted into a mixture of about 5% useful radiant energy (light) and 95% low-quality heat.It is interesting to transmission line that much of modern civilization is built around the internal combustion engine and the incandescent light that, respectively, waste 90 and 95% of their initial energy input. Some of this waste is due to the energy-quality tax automatically exacted as a result of the second energy law and some is due to technological designs that waste more energy that necessary.Most energy exchange processes occur like this (high quality energy to low quality) but there is one VERY IMPORTANT exception the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy in food by plants and some bacteria.Photosynthesis converts radiant energy (light) from the sun into high-quality chemical energy (stored in the plant in the form of sugar molecules) and low-quality heat energy . If you eat plant food like spinach, its high-quality chemical energy is transformed within your body to high-quality mechanical energy, used to move your muscles and to perform other life processes, and low-quality heat energy.The process of breaking down food such as sugars to simpler molecules, such as carbonic acid gas and water, releasing potential energy in the process, is called respiration. At each step, the low-quality heat flows into the environment. Without the action of plants and bacteria, life as we know it would not exist because animals have no way of turning the radiant energy from the sun into high energy (high quality) food.So, the first energy law governs the quantity of energy available from an energy conversion process, whereas the second energy law governs the quality of energy available. According to the first law we will never run out of energy, but according to the second law we can run out of high quality or useful energy.Not only can we not get something for nothing (the first law), we cant even break even in terms of energy quality (the second law)The second energy law also tells us that high-grade energy can never be used over again.We can recycle matter but we can never recycle high-quality energy. Fuels and foods can be used only once to perform useful work. Once a piece of coal or a tank full of gasoline is burned, its high-quality potential energy is lost forever. This means that the net useful, or high-quality energy available from fossil fuels, uranium, or any concentrated energy source is even less than predicted by the first energy law.d. mical energy stored in the gasoline is converted into mechanical energy that propels the car and is eventually lost as heat (engine heat), friction of the tires with the ground, and energy imparted to the air as it is pushed out of the way by your car.