Big city vs small town Essay Example for Free

Big city vs small town EssayMatter and EnergyLearning Objectives get a line the general archetypes of matter and zip-why are these entities important to environmental scientists? Be able to define and give examples of the terce laws governing matter and might-how do these laws affect our understanding of matter/ zippo quantity and quality Be able to differentiate between possible and kinetic force Be able to discuss the concept of entropy and how this help affects all maintenance things Check out the chemistry review if you feel you pauperism some additional chemistry back constitute for this section I. One important thing about systems and reinforcement things Life obeys somatic laws.Drink some water, eat some food, run to class. The two things that connect these activities and early(a) aspects of elevator carriage on earth are matter and muscle. Matter has mass and occupies space it is the stuff you and everything else is do of. Matter comes in a variety of t iers. We call these different unique types of matter elements. An atom is the smallest unit of measurement of an element that has all of the properties of that element. on that point are 92 naturally occurring elements in nature. These different arrive ats of matter differ uniquely in their physical and chemic substance properties carbon (C) and atomic number 1 (H) differ in their size, reactiveness with another(prenominal) atoms, and other physical and chemical substance substance properties. An element is a substance that flush toiletnot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical involves. An element can be combined with another to make a compound. For instance, hydrogen combines with oxygen to produce water. Scientists use symbols (hydrogen=H, oxygen=O) as a kind of short-hand for describing compounds.For example H2O is mean water is comprised of 2 toms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen II. Energy is a much debatable concept. Formally, it is defined as th e ability (or capacity) to do drill Work is the product of force and distance. When you are go up the Hill, you are doing work by applying muscles (force) to depart up the Hill (distance). Energy is what you and all living things use to move matter or so and to change matter from one form to another. Energy is apply to grow your food, to keep you alive (metabolism), to move you from one place to another, and to warm and cool the buildings in which you work andlive. The uses and transformations of matter and nada are governed by certain scientific laws, which unlike the laws people enact, cannot be broken. III. There are three physical laws governing matter and power that are important to us. A) right of conservation of matterB) First law of energy ( starting signal law of thermodynamics)C) help law of energy ( aid law of thermodynamics)A. practice of law of Conservation of Matter (everything must(prenominal) go somewhere) We talk about consuming, or using up stuff and n onsense resources, but actually we dont consume any matter. We only borrow some of the earths resources for a while C taking them from the earth, carrying them to another part of the globe, processing them, using them, and then discarding, reusing, or recycling them. In the process of using matter we may change it to another form, but in every case we neither create nor destroy any measurable amount of matter. This results from the law of conservation of matter In any physical or chemical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed but merely changed from one form to another. When you throw a elan something, remember there is no away.Everything we think we have thrown away is comfort here with us in one form or another. How does this affect environmental science ? Although we can certainly make the environment cleaner, the law of conservation of matter says we lead always be face up with pollution of some sort. This means that we musttrade-off one form of pollution for anoth er. This trade-off involves making controversial scientific, political, economic, and honorable judgments about what is a dangerous pollution level, to what degree a pollutant must be controlled, and what amount of bullion we are willing to pay to reduce the amount of a pollutant to a harmless(prenominal) level. B. The First Law of Energy (First Law of thermodynamics) You cant get something for nothing You encounter energy in many forms mechanical, chemical (food and fuel), electric, nuclear, heat, and radiant (such as conflagrate). Scientists usually classify most forms of energy as either potential or kinetic energy.1) Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its motion and mass. A base car, falling rock, and the pass of electrons or charged particles called electrical energy are all examples of kinetic energy. The amount of kinetic energy matter has depends on both its mass and its velocity (speed). Because of itsvelocity a bullet fired from a gun can cause mor e damage that one thrown by hand and a bowling ball dropped on your foot does more damage that a pool ball. 2) Potential energy The energy stored by an object as a result of its position or the position of its split is called potential energy. A rock held in your hand, a bowl of cereal, a stick of dynamite, and a cooler car of gas are all examples. The rock has stored (or potential) energy that can be released and reborn into kinetic energy (in the form of mechanical energy and heat) if it is dropped.Doing work involves changing energy from one form to another. a. When you lift an object, chemical energy (a form of potential energy) stored in the chemicals obtained from your digested food is reborn into the mechanical energy (kinetic) use to move your arm and the object upward and into heat given off by your body b. In an machine engine, the che into electrical energy and heat ( slump grade form of kinetic energy. c. In an electric power plant, chemical energy from fossil fuels (potential) or nuclear energy from uranium nuclear fuel (potential) is converted into a combination of mechanical energy and heat. The mechanical energy is used to spin the turbine that converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy and more heat. When the electrical energy oscillates through the filament wires in an ordinary light bulb, it is converted into light and still more heat. Note that in all of these transformations, some energy is always wooly as heat that flows into the surrounding environment.3) Energy changes What energy changes occur when you drop a rock? Because of its eminenter(prenominal) position, the rock in your hand has a higher potential energy than the same rock at rest on the ground. When you drop the rock and it hits and eventually rests on the ground, the rock now has a very much lower potential energy. Has the amount of energy changed (i.e., the rock lost energy where did it go?) At jump glance it seems so. But according to the number 1 law of conservation of energy, in any ordinary physical or chemical process is neither created nor destroyed but merely change from one form to another.The energy lost by a system or collection of mater under con (in this instance, the rock) must equal the energy gained by the surroundings or environment (in this instance, straining molecules pushed out of the way, and landed estate particles moved by the impact of the rock). This energy law holds for all systems, living and nonliving. Lets look at what truly happens. As the rock drops, its potential energy is changed into kinetic energy C both itsown and that of the air through which it passes. The friction created when the rock is drops through the air causes air molecules in the air to move faster, so their average temperature rises. This means that some of the rocks original potential energy has been transferred to the air as heat. When the rock hits the ground more of its mechanical energy is transferred to particles of soil.Th e energy lost by the rock (system) is exactly equal to the energy gained by its surroundings. Scientists have neer seen an instance where energy input does not equal energy output. C. Second Law of Energy (Second law of thermodynamics) You cant break even Energy quality Because according to the first energy law energy can neither be created nor destroyed, you might think there will always be enough energy. Yet when you fill a cars tank with gasoline and drive around something is lost. If it isnt energy, what is it? The second law of energy, also known as the second law of thermodynamics provides the answer to this question. Energy varies in its quality or ability to do useful work. For useful work to occur energy must move or flow from a level of high-quality (more concentrated) energy to a level of lower-quality (less concentrated) energy.The chemical potential energy concentrated in a lump or coal or a tank of gasoline and the concentrated heat energy at a high temperature are fo rms of high-quality energy. Because the energy in gasoline or coal is concentrated, they have the ability to perform useful work in moving or changing matter . In contrast, less concentrated heat energy at a low temperature has little rest ability to perform useful work. Over the years, after investigating millions of renascences of energy from one form to another, scientists have found that some of the energy is always exuberant to a more dispersed and less useful form, usually as heat given off at a low temperature to the surroundings.In an internal combustion automobile engine, only about 20% of the high-quality chemical energy available in the gasoline is converted to mechanical energy used to propel the car the remaining 80% is degraded to low-quality heat that is released into the environment. In addition, about 50% of the mechanical energy produced is also degraded to low-quality heat energy through friction, so that 90% of the energy in gasoline is drive offd and not use d to move the car.When electrical energy oscillates through the filament wires in an ordinary light bulb, it is converted into a mixture of about 5% useful radiant energy (light) and 95% low-quality heat.It is interesting to transmission line that much of modern civilization is built around the internal combustion engine and the incandescent light that, respectively, waste 90 and 95% of their initial energy input. Some of this waste is due to the energy-quality tax automatically exacted as a result of the second energy law and some is due to technological designs that waste more energy that necessary.Most energy exchange processes occur like this (high quality energy to low quality) but there is one VERY IMPORTANT exception the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy in food by plants and some bacteria.Photosynthesis converts radiant energy (light) from the sun into high-quality chemical energy (stored in the plant in the form of sugar molecules) and low-quality heat energy . If you eat plant food like spinach, its high-quality chemical energy is transformed within your body to high-quality mechanical energy, used to move your muscles and to perform other life processes, and low-quality heat energy.The process of breaking down food such as sugars to simpler molecules, such as carbonic acid gas and water, releasing potential energy in the process, is called respiration. At each step, the low-quality heat flows into the environment. Without the action of plants and bacteria, life as we know it would not exist because animals have no way of turning the radiant energy from the sun into high energy (high quality) food.So, the first energy law governs the quantity of energy available from an energy conversion process, whereas the second energy law governs the quality of energy available. According to the first law we will never run out of energy, but according to the second law we can run out of high quality or useful energy.Not only can we not get something for nothing (the first law), we cant even break even in terms of energy quality (the second law)The second energy law also tells us that high-grade energy can never be used over again.We can recycle matter but we can never recycle high-quality energy. Fuels and foods can be used only once to perform useful work. Once a piece of coal or a tank full of gasoline is burned, its high-quality potential energy is lost forever. This means that the net useful, or high-quality energy available from fossil fuels, uranium, or any concentrated energy source is even less than predicted by the first energy law.d. mical energy stored in the gasoline is converted into mechanical energy that propels the car and is eventually lost as heat (engine heat), friction of the tires with the ground, and energy imparted to the air as it is pushed out of the way by your car.